Country Profile: Mozambique
Mozambique is a southeastern African nation facing a multifaceted landscape characterized by its tropical climate, rich natural resources, and a diverse population of over 33 million inhabitants. Historically influenced by a range of traders, including Portuguese colonizers, Mozambique became independent in 1975 after a prolonged struggle. The country has made strides toward stability and growth since the 1990s, with ongoing efforts to strengthen its economy through agricultural and extractive industries; however, a low-level insurgency and foreign debt challenges persist. Governance is structured as a presidential republic, with ongoing developments influencing its socio-economic landscape.
Geography
Mozambique is located in southeastern Africa, bordered by the Mozambique Channel, South Africa, and Tanzania. The country spans an area of approximately 799,380 square kilometers, with diverse geographical features including coastal lowlands, uplands, and plateaus. The dominant Zambezi River flows through the agricultural heartland, providing vital water resources.
- Total Area: 799,380 sq km
- Coastline: 2,470 km
- Highest Point: Monte Binga at 2,436 m
- Agricultural Land: 52.8% of total land use (2023)
- Natural Resources: Includes coal, titanium, and natural gas.
People and Society
Mozambique has a population estimated at over 33 million (2024), with a youthful demographic profile where approximately 44.7% are aged between 0-14. The nation is richly ethnically diverse, primarily composed of various African groups, with Portuguese as the official language. The country also faces challenges such as a high birth rate and low literacy levels, particularly among women.
- Population: 33,350,954 (2024)
- Urbanization: 38.8% of total population (2023)
- Median Age: 17.3 years (2024)
- Literacy Rate: 61.7% (2022)
- Birth Rate: 36.5 births/1,000 population (2024)
- Infant Mortality Rate: 58.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024)
Economy
Mozambique's economy is classified as low-income, predominantly driven by subsistence agriculture and extractive industries. The country has made progress in economic stabilization, but recurrent challenges, such as an Islamist insurgency affecting natural gas projects, continue to hinder growth.
- GDP (PPP): $51.786 billion (2024 est.)
- GDP Growth Rate: 1.9% (2024 est.)
- GDP per Capita: $1,500 (2024 est.)
- Unemployment Rate: 3.6% (2024 est.)
- Population below Poverty Line: 62.8% (2019)
Government
Mozambique operates as a presidential republic with clear historical roots reaching back to its independence from Portugal in 1975. The political landscape has evolved, particularly with the introduction of a multiparty system, allowing for greater democratic participation. The current government, led by President Daniel CHAPO since January 2025, continues to navigate complex socio-political issues and economic challenges.
- Independence: June 25, 1975
- Legislature: Assembly of the Republic with 250 seats
- Voting Age: 18 years
- Current President: Daniel CHAPO (since January 2025)
- Next Election: Scheduled for October 2029
Military and Security
The armed forces of Mozambique include the Army, Navy, and Air Force, collectively tasked with national defense and internal security. The ongoing threat from insurgent groups, particularly in Cabo Delgado, has led to significant military mobilization and international collaboration for security assistance.
- Military Expenditures: 2% of GDP (2024 est.)
- Active Personnel: Approximately 12,000 (2025)
- Conscription: Mandatory registration for those aged 18 and above
- Military Focus: Counterinsurgency operations against ISIS-affiliated groups
Energy
Mozambique's energy sector is characterized by a heavy reliance on hydroelectric power, coupled with emerging natural gas resources. The country has made efforts to expand electricity access, but significant gaps remain, particularly in rural areas.
- Electricity Access: 33.2% of total population (2022 est.)
- Installed Capacity: 2.86 million kW (2023 est.)
- Hydroelectricity: 82.7% of total installed capacity
- Natural Gas Production: 8.873 billion cubic meters (2023)
Environment
Mozambique faces several environmental challenges, including urban migration, desertification, and pollution from mining activities. International commitments to various environmental agreements indicate ongoing efforts to address these issues.
- Forested Area: 41.7% of land use (2023)
- Annual CO2 Emissions: 9.549 million metric tons (2023)
- Urbanization Rate: 4.24% annual rate of change (2020-2025 est.)
- Biodiversity Agreements: Participates in multiple international environmental treaties
Transportation
Mozambique's transportation infrastructure features a combination of air, rail, and maritime networks, facilitating trade and movement across the country.
- Airports: 92 (2025)
- Railways: Total of 4,787 km (2014)
- Ports: 11 major ports (2024)
- Merchant Marine Vessels: 36 (2023)
Communications
The communications sector in Mozambique is developing, with increasing mobile subscriptions and internet usage. However, access remains limited, particularly in rural areas.
- Mobile Cellular Subscriptions: 15 million (2022)
- Internet Users: 20% of the population (2023)
- Fixed-Line Subscriptions: Less than 1 per 100 inhabitants (2022)
Key Metrics
| Metric | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 33,350,954 | 2024 Estimate |
| Area | 799,380 sq km | Total area |
| GDP (PPP) | $51.786 billion | 2024 Estimate |
| Unemployment Rate | 3.6% | 2024 Estimate |
| Energy Consumption per Capita | 5.789 million Btu/person | 2023 Estimate |
| Birth Rate | 36.5 births/1,000 population | 2024 Estimate |
| Literacy Rate | 61.7% | 2022 Estimate |
| Military Expenditures | 2% of GDP | 2024 Estimate |
| Total Fertility Rate | 4.66 children born/woman | 2024 Estimate |
| Life Expectancy | 58.3 years | 2024 Estimate |
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