Country Profile: Nigeria
Nigeria is located in Western Africa, bordered by the Gulf of Guinea and framed by Benin and Cameroon. It is the most populous country in Africa, with a diverse population exceeding 236 million people, comprised of over 250 ethnic groups that reflect a rich tapestry of cultures, languages, and traditions. The nation's economy is characterized by its significant oil exports and a growing telecommunications sector, although it grapples with challenges such as corruption and economic mismanagement. Governed as a federal presidential republic, Nigeria continues to work on stabilizing its democracy amid regional tensions and security issues, including terrorism and banditry.
Geography
Nigeria occupies an area of 923,768 sq km, making it slightly larger than California and about six times the size of Georgia. The country's diverse terrain includes southern lowlands, central hills, and arid northern regions, with significant natural resources such as petroleum, natural gas, and arable land. The climate varies from equatorial in the south to arid in the north, with the Niger River being a key geographical feature as it flows from northwest to the Gulf of Guinea.
- 4,477 km of land boundaries with neighboring countries.
- 853 km of coastline along the Gulf of Guinea.
- Highest point: Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m.
People and Society
With an estimated population of 236,747,130 in 2024, Nigeria is the largest nation in Africa. The population consists of diverse ethnic groups, with the largest being Hausa (30%), Yoruba (15.5%), and Igbo (15.2%). Over 54% of the population resides in urban areas, and the country has a youthful demographic with a median age of 19.3 years. The predominant religions in Nigeria are Islam (53.5%) and Christianity (45.9%).
- 40.4% of the population aged 0-14 years.
- 33.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est. birth rate).
- Life expectancy at birth is 62.2 years (2024 est.).
Economy
Nigeria holds the title of the largest African market economy, heavily reliant on oil exports and a lower middle-income labor force. As of 2024, its real GDP (PPP) is estimated at $1.318 trillion, showing growth potential despite vulnerabilities to global energy price fluctuations. The country has a mixed economic structure with agriculture, industry, and services contributing significantly to the GDP.
- 20.4% of GDP comes from agriculture (2024 est.).
- 3% unemployment rate (2024 est.).
- 40.1% of the population living below the poverty line (2018 est.).
Government
Nigeria operates as a federal presidential republic with a complex political structure comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The system has evolved through periods of military rule to its current civilian governance, established with the latest constitution adopted in 1999. The current President is Bola Ahmed Tinubu, who took office on May 29, 2023.
- Legislative body: bicameral National Assembly (House of Representatives and Senate).
- 18 years is the legal voting age.
- Independence achieved on October 1, 1960.
Military and Security
The Armed Forces of Nigeria include the Army, Navy, and Air Force, facing significant challenges from internal conflicts and terrorism, particularly from groups like Boko Haram. The military’s budget comprises 0.7% of GDP (2024). Nigeria has been actively involved in peacekeeping missions and addressing domestic terrorist activities, particularly in the northeast.
- Estimated 140,000 active military personnel (2025).
- Nigeria contributes a combat brigade to the Multinational Joint Task Force in the Lake Chad region.
Energy
Nigeria's energy sector is largely reliant on fossil fuels, contributing 77.1% of its installed electricity capacity. In 2023, the country produced 1.514 million bbl/day of petroleum and significantly participates in natural gas production as well. However, only 60.5% of the total population has access to electricity.
- Total energy consumption per capita in 2023 was 7.993 million Btu.
- 34.135 billion kWh of electricity were consumed in 2023.
Environment
Nigeria faces various environmental challenges including urban air and water pollution, deforestation, and land degradation. The country is part of multiple international environmental agreements but struggles with the effects of climate change and pollution from the oil industry.
- 23.1% of the land area is forested (2022 est.).
- Total water withdrawal reached 12.45 billion cubic meters (2020 est.).
Transportation
The transportation infrastructure includes 50 airports and a railway network of 3,798 km (2014). However, the rail infrastructure is reportedly in a state of disrepair. The maritime sector is vital, with 928 merchant vessels operating in Nigerian waters.
- 28 ports facilitate trade; significant for oil transportation.
- 15 heliports are available for aerial transport needs.
Communications
Nigeria has a growing communication sector with 224 million mobile cellular subscriptions as of 2023. The internet penetration rate stands at 39%, indicative of the increasing connectivity among the populace.
- 117,000 fixed broadband subscriptions recorded in 2023.
- Less than 1 subscription per 100 inhabitants for fixed telephone lines.
Key Metrics
| Metric | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 236,747,130 | 2024 estimate |
| Area | 923,768 sq km | Total area |
| GDP (PPP) | $1.318 trillion | 2024 estimate |
| Energy Consumption per Capita | 7.993 million Btu | 2023 estimate |
| Birth Rate | 33.8 births/1,000 population | 2024 estimate |
| Unemployment Rate | 3% | 2024 estimate |
| Life Expectancy at Birth | 62.2 years | 2024 estimate |
| Military Expenditures | 0.7% of GDP | 2024 estimate |
| Literacy Rate | 63.2% | 2021 estimate |
| Urban Population | 54.3% | 2023 estimate |
Explore more about this country: