Country Profile: New Zealand
New Zealand is a vibrant island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Australia. It comprises two main islands—North Island and South Island—along with several smaller islands, and is renowned for its stunning landscapes and diverse ecosystems. The population, estimated at over 5 million in 2024, is predominantly urbanized, with a rich cultural tapestry that includes the indigenous Maori and various immigrant communities. Economically, New Zealand maintains a high-income status, driven by strong agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism sectors, while its governance system operates as a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy.
Geography
New Zealand is situated in Oceania with a total area of approximately 268,838 square kilometers. The country features a varied landscape that includes mountainous terrain and wide coastal plains, with the highest point being Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3,724 meters. The temperate climate contributes to its unique biodiversity, although the nation is prone to natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic activity.
- 15,134 km of coastline, making it a prominent maritime nation.
- 0 km of land boundaries, emphasizing its island nature.
- 37% of land usage for agriculture as of 2022.
People and Society
As of 2024, New Zealand's population is approximately 5,161,211, characterized by a diverse ethnic composition including 64.1% European and 16.5% Maori. The nation has a high urbanization rate with about 87% of residents living in urban areas, primarily on the North Island. English is the de facto official language, while Maori holds de jure official status.
- Median age: 37.9 years as of 2024.
- Life expectancy: 82.9 years at birth in 2024.
- Population growth rate: 0.95% in 2024.
Economy
New Zealand's economy is high-income and well-integrated into global markets, heavily reliant on agriculture and tourism. In 2024, the real GDP is estimated at $257.117 billion, while the economy is recovering from a post-pandemic recession. Major challenges include fiscal deficits and low productivity levels.
- GDP per capita: $48,200 in 2024.
- Unemployment rate: 4.9% in 2024.
- Exports: $61.799 billion expected in 2024, with China as the leading partner.
Government
New Zealand operates as a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with Wellington as its capital. The government is characterized by an executive branch headed by the Prime Minister, currently Christopher Luxon. The legal system is based on common law, with a constitution that includes various statutes and agreements, including the Treaty of Waitangi.
- Independence achieved: 26 September 1907.
- Latest election: 14 October 2023, with 120 members in the unicameral House of Representatives.
- Voting age: 18 years, universal suffrage.
Military and Security
The New Zealand Defense Force (NZDF) encompasses the Army, Navy, and Air Force, with approximately 8,800 active personnel. The country maintains a modern military that engages in international peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, underscored by strategic alliances such as ANZUS.
- Military expenditures: 1.2% of GDP in 2024.
- Active personnel: Approximately 8,800 in the NZDF.
- Voluntary military service age: 17 years, with no conscription.
Energy
New Zealand boasts a comprehensive energy infrastructure, achieving 100% electricity access for its population. The country relies significantly on hydroelectric power for its generating capacity, complemented by geothermal and wind energy sources.
- Installed capacity: 10.643 million kW as of 2023.
- Electricity consumption: 40.794 billion kWh in 2023.
- Coal production: 3.011 million metric tons in 2023.
Environment
New Zealand faces several environmental challenges, including water quality issues, rapid urbanization, and invasive species impacting native flora and fauna. The country is a party to numerous international environmental agreements, striving to mitigate these challenges.
- Forest cover: 37.7% of land area as of 2022.
- Total renewable water resources: 327 billion cubic meters in 2020.
- Urban population: 87% of the total population in 2023.
Transportation
The transportation infrastructure in New Zealand includes a network of airports, railways, and ports. The country has 206 airports and extensive maritime facilities, facilitating both domestic and international travel.
- Railways: 4,128 km as of 2018.
- Airports: 206 expected by 2025.
- Merchant marine: 117 vessels as of 2023.
Communications
New Zealand features advanced communication systems, with high mobile and internet penetration rates. The country has a robust state-owned broadcast media sector and various commercial options available for residents.
- Internet users: 96% of the population in 2023.
- Mobile cellular subscriptions: 6.56 million in 2023.
- Fixed broadband subscriptions: 1.93 million in 2023.
Key Metrics
| Metric | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 5,161,211 | Estimated 2024 |
| Area | 268,838 sq km | Total area |
| GDP | $257.117 billion | Real GDP (PPP) for 2024 |
| Energy Consumption | 40.794 billion kWh | Electricity consumption in 2023 |
| Birth Rate | 12.6 births/1,000 | Estimated 2024 |
| Unemployment Rate | 4.9% | Estimated 2024 |
| Life Expectancy | 82.9 years | Estimated 2024 |
| Median Age | 37.9 years | Estimated 2024 |
| Electric Access | 100% | Total population with access |
| Military Expenditures | 1.2% of GDP | Estimated 2024 |
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