Country Profile: Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean, defined as a distinct oceanic region by the International Hydrographic Organization in 2000, encircles Antarctica and plays a vital role in global ocean circulation. It spans an area of approximately 21.96 million square kilometers, making it the fourth largest of the world's five ocean basins. Its unique geography fosters a rich marine ecosystem, supporting diverse wildlife and significant fisheries. While governance exists primarily through international treaties, environmental protections are paramount to preserve its fragile ecological balance.

Geography

The Southern Ocean is a circumpolar body of water that extends from the coast of Antarctica to 60 degrees south latitude. With a total area of 21.96 million square kilometers, it is slightly more than twice the size of the United States. The ocean has a coastline of 17,968 kilometers and features major ocean currents, including the world's largest, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which flows eastward around Antarctica.

21.96 million sq km – total area
17,968 km – coastline length
-7,434 m – lowest point at the South Sandwich Trench
3,270 m – mean depth
5.4% – percent of the world ocean's total volume

Environment

The Southern Ocean faces various environmental challenges due to both natural processes and human activities. It is governed by multiple international agreements that regulate fishing, seal hunting, and limit mineral exploitation to scientific research. Climate patterns cause significant seasonal changes, impacting marine life and ecological balance across this region.

388,901 mt – total fish catch in 2021
95.5% – proportion of Antarctic krill in total catch
40° to 60° South latitude – waters designated for marine fisheries management
Various international agreements – govern environmental protections in the region

Government

The Southern Ocean is subject to international governance frameworks rather than a formal government structure. The International Hydrographic Organization has established definitions regarding the ocean's boundaries, which are acknowledged by various nations and organizations, supporting its classification as an oceanic region.

2000 – year when the Southern Ocean was recognized as a distinct ocean basin

Transportation

The Drake Passage serves as a critical transit route, providing an alternative to the Panama Canal for maritime navigation. Its strategic location enhances shipping routes, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Key Metrics

Metric	Value	Note
Area	21.96 million sq km	Total geographic area of the Southern Ocean
Coastline	17,968 km	Length of the coastline
Ocean Volume	71.8 million cu km	Volume of the Southern Ocean
Mean Depth	-3,270 m	Average depth of the ocean
Lowest Point	-7,434 m	Deepest point at the South Sandwich Trench
Total Fish Catch	388,901 mt	Total catch for the year 2021