Country Profile: Russia
Russia, the largest country in the world, spans Eastern Europe and North Asia, characterized by vast landscapes that include steppes, tundras, and mountain ranges. With a population of approximately 140.8 million, it is rich in cultural diversity, housing nearly 200 ethnic groups, with Russians constituting the majority. Economically, Russia is heavily reliant on its abundant natural resources, particularly oil and gas, although recent geopolitical tensions and sanctions have impacted its economic growth. Governed as a semi-presidential federation, its political landscape is marked by centralized authority and a focus on bolstering national influence.
Geography
Russia's geography encompasses the eastern half of Europe and the northern portion of Asia, bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, extending to the North Pacific Ocean. The country has a total area of 17,098,242 sq km, making it about 1.8 times the size of the US. This vast land features varied terrain that ranges from broad plains and vast forests to rugged mountains and arctic tundra. Major climatic zones influence the country's environmental landscape, from humid continental in the west to subarctic in Siberia.
- 22,407 km of land borders with 14 countries, including China, Ukraine, and Belarus.
- 37,653 km of coastline along three oceans.
- The Caspian Sea is considered the world's largest lake, with an area of 374,000 sq km.
People and Society
Russia has an estimated population of 140,820,810 as of 2024. The nation is ethnically diverse, with 77.7% identifying as Russian, followed by Tatars and Ukrainians among others. The median age is 41.9 years, reflecting a demographic trend of aging, with 17.8% of the population being 65 years and over. Urbanization is notable, with about 75.3% living in urban areas.
- Life expectancy is estimated at 72.3 years (2024).
- Population growth rate stands at -0.49% (2024).
- Infant mortality rate is 6.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024).
Economy
Russia's economy is characterized by its vast natural resources, making it a leading energy exporter. In 2024, the GDP is estimated at $6.089 trillion (PPP), reflecting a modest growth rate of 4.3%. The economy's structural composition includes 57.5% in services, 30.7% in industry, and a mere 2.7% in agriculture. However, endemic corruption and global sanctions have curtailed broader economic growth.
- Unemployment rate is projected at 2.6% (2024).
- Agricultural exports include wheat and barley, while petroleum production is about 10.879 million bbl/day (2023).
- Public debt stands at 18.5% of GDP (2023).
Government
The government of Russia is a semi-presidential federation with a centralized political structure. The country operates under a constitution adopted in 1993, with President Vladimir Putin currently serving as its chief of state. The legislature consists of a bicameral assembly, including the State Duma and the Federation Council. Despite having a framework for democratic processes, elections are often criticized for lack of fairness.
- The next presidential election is expected in 2030.
- There are 46 provinces and 21 republics within the federation.
- Voting age is 18 years for universal suffrage.
Energy
Russia is a powerhouse in energy production, with a significant focus on fossil fuels. In 2024, electricity access is 100%, and the country generates electricity primarily from fossil fuels (61.8%). The natural gas production reaches 613.447 billion cubic meters (2023), further solidifying Russia's role as a leading energy exporter.
- Electricity consumption is estimated at 1.011 trillion kWh (2023).
- Coal production is estimated at 531.13 million metric tons (2023).
- The nuclear energy sector is supported by 36 operational reactors as of 2025.
Military and Security
The Russian military, consisting of approximately 1.1-1.2 million active personnel, is structured into several branches, including the Ground Forces, Navy, and Aerospace Forces. Military spending accounts for about 7% of GDP as of 2024. Russia's military strategy emphasizes national security and regional influence, significantly impacted by ongoing conflicts, including the war in Ukraine.
- Military expenditures are estimated at 5% of GDP for 2023.
- An estimated 600,000 troops are currently deployed in Ukraine.
- Russia is the world's second-largest exporter of military hardware.
Key Metrics
| Metric | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 140,820,810 | 2024 estimate |
| Area | 17,098,242 sq km | Largest country in the world |
| GDP (PPP) | $6.089 trillion | 2024 estimate |
| Electricity Access | 100% | Total population electrification (2022) |
| Unemployment Rate | 2.6% | 2024 estimate |
| Life Expectancy | 72.3 years | 2024 estimate |
| Birth Rate | 8.4 births/1,000 | 2024 estimate |
| Military Expenditures | 7% of GDP | 2024 estimate |
| Energy Consumption per Capita | 224.86 million Btu | 2023 estimate |
| Urban Population | 75.3% | 2023 estimate |
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